Macroeconomic Data Analysis and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Macroeconomic Data Analysis and Report - Essay Example It is important to note that the population growth rate is an important factor in gauging the economic performance of a state and by taking the case of these two countries it will be easy to establish their economic trends. If this is presented in a table form or graphically the trend will give an insight into the economic characteristics of the two countries. Exchange rate is vital in comparing the strength of the currency between the countries and this is an index of measuring level of economic growth holding other factors constant. Purchasing power parity is important in measuring the inflation rate between the two states under case study. The ratio of gross national product to gross domestic product is important in providing a ground for estimating the amount of income that is repatriated to other countries. Bigger ratio means unfavorable productivity of the country and overdependence on foreign capital and skilled manpower. To explain the economic growth and development parity b etween these two states needs to be presented in graphs. The figure one above shows that the exchange rates between the two states have a wide gap and this is consistent across the three years. It is important to note that UK is more developed and economically stable as reflected by its comparatively lower exchange rate than Saudi Arabia. Considering the figures of exchange rate across the years shows some changes for United Kingdom while Saudi Arabia has a constant exchange rate which hints stable currency and consistent economic growth than in UK (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, 98). United Kingdom has a high population which presents a strain on the existing resources but considering the geographical size of the state. The point of concern in this case is the trend in population growth. The rate of population increase is high for Saudi Arabia than UK and this present expansionary threat to Saudi Arabia as the population will put steady

Easy Jet Competitive Advantage Tourism Essay

Easy Jet Competitive Advantage Tourism Essay Easy jet which is having Mission statement as to provide our customers the safe journey,good worth,point to point air service and to offer a reliable and consistent product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of european routes and to achieve this will increase our peoples and estabilish lifelong relation ship.this mission statement is clearly saying that wat they want and we will get in to this case study and find out how easyjet get into this position and where it is now and where it is going what it should do with the following analysis given below, Is market positioning enough to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in this industry? To analyse this activities we will use Porters Five Force analysis and SWOT and PEST analysis of this industry and we will check the value chain and competitive scope of this Easy Jet. The overall analysis will give the clear conclusion that its profitable factors and to be continued in same manner and to develop to get grow in the future. Strategy: It is defined as an alternative chosen to make happen a desired future, such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem. Art and science of planning and marshalling resources for their most efficient and effective use. The term is derived from the Greek word (Stratigos) for general ship or leading an army. (www. businessdictionary.com) Macro environment: Major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organizations decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic, demographics, legal, political, and social conditions, technological changes, and natural forces. 2. Factors that influence a companys or products development that are outside of the companys control. For example, the macro environment could include competitors, changes in interest rates, changes in cultural tastes, or government regulations. (www.businessdictionary.com) PESTLE ANALYSIS: PEST analysis is the tool to measure the marketing environment, and its looking the external factors of the airline industry. First we analysis the present situation of easy jet. Politico legal factors: Politico legal factors is The political and legal environment consists of government agencies, laws and the pressure groups which influence. In some situation the law also create new opportunities for starts the new business. The two important trends in the political-legal environment are to increase the growth of special interest groups and the business legislation (Kotler, et al., 2009, p.171). The Easy Jet had the political problem in Switzerland due to the delay of flights to the various cities. The basic problem for these incidents is given below.The EasyJet flights are flies into Basel and Geneva airports but with a dismal on-time record, according to status of the flightstats.com. The online websites that tracks that the 20 most active routes for the carrier, but the Easy Jet planes from Geneva to London to be schedule about half of the time, It is the average delay of 74 minutes. Flights from London to Geneva are mismatch in its schedule by 31% of the time, and its the average delays of 38 minutes. The worst route for being on time between Palma Mallorca to Geneva, by these 82 per cent of the flights are late, according to flight stats. At no time did the company want to have such delays, said Jean-Marc Thà ©venaz, general director. We regret the situation. To help fix the problem, Thà ©venaz said that the company had decreased the number of flights during certain periods. We are trying to create some timeslots during the day when we fly less so as to be able to juggle our planes around to minimize delays, he said. He added that the company also has an extra plane on the ground in Britain that could be assigned to stay in Geneva. European Union is enlarging in the east. Its a right time the Easy Jet will increase the new market in the Eastern Europe. UK government going to increase the tax coming year .so it will affect the low cost and no frills approach. Economy factors: The available purchasing power in an economy depends on prices, current incomes, savings, credit availabilities and debts. Marketers must pay careful attention to trends affecting purchasing power, because they can have a strong impact on business (Kotler, et al., 2009, p.163). Easy Jet shares had fell up-to 7% on the last month for the fears over crewing issues. Carolyn McCall, who joined as chief executive from Guardian Media Group at the start of this month, said Easy Jet would seek to address the staffing problems, with a focus on flight delays at Gatwick airport. Douglas McNeill, said the crewing problems were worrying and we know theyve developed a problem, But we wont know the causes and the long-term costs of fixing it until November. From the volcanic ash problem the company had paid  £36m as compensation. The company had lost their estimated sales and its cost around  £29m. Easy jet said It was disappointed with the decision by the UK government not to compensate losses related to the ash cloud, which forced Easy Jet to cancel 7,314 flights. Easy Jet revenues for last three months are 5.3% to  £759m and the seats are flown up into 1.7 %. The Easy Jet peoples said It expected to make a pre-tax profit this year of between  £100m and  £150m at current exchange rates. Share Price of Easy Jet Figure: Chart of easy jet share price for last three months http://www.lse.co.uk/SharePrice.asp?shareprice From my analysis the company must be on-time performance and its needs to be better the numbers staff can be improved. Sometimes it may spoil the good name, goodwill, reputation and the image of easyGroup. Socio-Cultural factors: Society shapes the values, beliefs and norms that largely define consumer tastes and preferences. People absorb, almost unconsciously, a worldview that defines their relationship to themselves, to others, to organisations, to society, to nature, and to the universe (Kotler, et al., 2009, p.171). Easyjet had a problem in the social and cultural factors. The company has various approaches to selling the air tickets through online and telephonic rather than agencies. German and France peoples are dont have much interested to use online and telephonic ticket booking and also they dont like to use credit cards and debit cards in internet booking. So the company is having difficulty to achieve the target of sale. Most of the people expecting to fly in cheap and friendly fare when we giving advertisement in newspaper like family package and also giving low cast fare  £10 per person. Technological factors One of the most dramatic forces shaping peoples lives in technology. Every new technology is a force for creative destruction. The number of major new technologies we discover affects the economys growth rate (Kotler, et al., 2009, p.169 ). Easy Jet had design the new devise to fix in the tail. Around 100km the device can detect the ash clouds. The cost of  £1m is spent by the company to develop and test the technology. Airbus is the leading manufacturer of aircrafts. The company hopes to fix the devise to all their aircrafts. It can be implemented by next year. The AVOID Airborne Volcanic Object Identifier and Detector technology is designed to work like the weather detection systems already in use for spotting thunderstorms. A lightweight infrared device would provide images to both the pilots and an airlines flight control centre, enabling pilots to see an ash cloud at altitudes between 5,000 feet and 50,000 feet. In the volcanic ash problem all the airline industries are lost more than one billion US dollars and the relevant business to the airline companies are lost twice the amount like tourist hotels, cabs, and airport authorities. In the volcanic eruption the flights are damaged massively. We have understood the basic problem of the aircrafts during the time of ash clouds. The companies are monitoring the problem of ash clouds through the satellites. But its not enough to prevent the aircraft at the time of eruption. So the aircraft companies are ready to spend millions and millions of amount to solving this problem. According to the statement of ESA (European Space Agency) from the period 1982 to 2000 the volcanic ash clouds can damage more than 100 aircrafts by average of 65 volcanic eruptions by each and every year. Around 250 m US dollar can be estimated as a loss for the airlines industries from last 25 years. The basic problem of the volcanic ash is that can be containing so many raw particles (eg glass, rocks and other relatively large objects) can damage the propeller of the jet. It can be easily affect the engine to stop immediately. Then it can damaged the sensitive parts of the aircrafts (eg clog its sensors, limit the view of its pilots, and severely scratch, or sandblast, cockpit windows, landing light covers and parts of the tail and wings). These damages are found by ESA through the satellites. Technologically Easy Jet is in the right place to develop the new trends but it can lacking to implement the technology in the aircraft maintenances. External environment: Conditions, entities, events and factors surrounding an organization which influence its activities and choices, and determine its opportunities and risks. Also called operating environment.(www.businessdictionary.com) Easy Jet Airline Company Limited: Strengths: Easy Jet is a leading provider of low budget, no frills air travel servicing many of the leading city destinations in the UK and across Europe, including Berlin, Amsterdam, Barcelona, and Prague. They offer a high quality service at competitive prices and offer a number of features including ticketless travel, internet booking and assisted travel services.They have a highly distinctive livery on their fleet of aircraft making them easily recognisable and distinguishing them from their competitors. They have a user friendly website which fully discloses the price breakdown of the passengers planned travel. Offering a full breakdown of the price plan prevents any hidden charges when the customer confirms there booking. Easy Jet offers an online promotion alert which is e-mailed to existing customers and contact on the companys database. It is recognised as a leading brand name in the UK travel industry. As a market leader in an industry widely seen as a leading contributor to the green house effect and global warming, Easy Jet actively embrace there environmental responsibilities and continue to keep these factors as a keep priority when developing their future strategies. Easy Jet operate a fast and efficient service with an average turnaround time of 30 minutes or below. This enables them to maintain a reliable and hassle free service to their passengers. Weaknesses: Domestic air travel is an extremely competitive industry with EasyJets main competitors being Jet2, BMI Baby, Ryan Air plus a host of smaller independent competitors. These external competitive forces can restrict and shape pricing policy on some of EasyJets less profitable routes as they seek to compete with their competitors. They do not offer a free food service on longer flights of 2 hours plus. Opportunities: It might possible for an opening of alternative routes to major cities in Europe. A key route could be from Dublin to the UK, as this has a large potential for travellers going to soccer matches in the UK plus new links into corporate flyers to and from the UK. Offering of free refreshments on flights with a travel time of over two and a half hours. This would offer an extra perk and comfort to passengers making their experience with EasyJet all the more comfortable and enjoyable. Updated versions of the fly on the wall documentaries would provide the brand with more coverage and publicity. Threats: Competitors flying the same routes compete very competitively on price forcing pressure on margin on more popular flights and time slots. External market forces can have a significant impact on Easy Jets business, e.g. the rising cost of oil can have a significant impact on running costs putting significant pressure on the profitability of less popular routes and time slots. Pressure from unions and employee relations committees can significantly impact on the day to day operations with strikes proving to be very costly to the companys image. Economic downturn may lead to a decrease in casual flyers and corporate travel as companies seek to curtail what they see as unnecessary expenditure and in turn make less business trips. Competitive advantage: Marketing mix is the most important factors in the marketing management. Every company is using the marketing mix to attract the customers and develop the company. Marketing success of a company is depends on how much marketing mix using Fairley to cover the customers. After several studies and research the classic 4ps of marketing mix has changed into 7Ps (by Booms Bitner). However the 4ps is still the most common model of the marketing mix. By the competitive advantage we analysis the Marketing mix. It contains 4Ps that Production, Price, Promotion and Place/Distribution. Easy Jet has been named the worlds best low cost airline in the annual World Airline Awards. Skytrax made a survey for 15million passengers by the period of 11 months. It is the world largest survey among the passengers. Its shown the star ranking of the airlines and quality of the airlines. Commenting on Easy Jets achievement, Skytrax CEO, Edward Plaisted, said: Low-cost does not need to, nor should it equate to, low-quality service. Easy Jet is clear testament that low-cost operations can be delivered with a good standard of customer care and passenger service quality with their level of customer loyalty clearly demonstrating a winning formula. No-Frills, point to point air services We can hire the car from the website of Easy Jet and we can access the hotels and apartments from their websites. Place / distribution: Place /distribution refers to how the product gets to the buyer; for instance, point-of-sale assignment or retailing. This third P has furthermore at times been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold. The easy jet websites has targeted the customers those are not willing to get the tickets through agencies or third parties. The company policies are not allowed the intermediates to raise the actual price up to 20 percent to 30 percent as a commission. So the passengers do not know the actual price of the ait ticket. The company is targeted the passengers are saving the money as well as the time. The Easy Jet websites provides the customers very easy to access. Easy booking accommodation Flight schedule Cab booking And other transportation Likewise the company has provides the customers are easily book their tickets through telephone. There are unique packages for the business peoples which is having the special selection on their websites. The option is B2B-Business to Business transaction which can be indicates in the EasyJet website. Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and individual selling. Branding refers to the assorted strategies of promoting the product, brand, or company. Media advertising- Pulsed, pioneering, competitive or product oriented. Comparative ads disrupt consumers beliefs re competitors. Creative campaigns create controversy, shift perceptions change rules of the game. Personal selling- Although needed, is seen as less important for destabilizing in turbulent market. Public relations- Less important, but small PR activities can nudge system towards destabilization. Sales promotions- If used with price, can be effective/destabilizing. Minor, but unusual promotions/ changes lead to major impacts. More effective than adverts inturbulent markets. Word of mouth -Very important influence-the-influencer promos. Spread info re new, amazing aspects of product. Use multiplier channels like Internet, discussion groups. Aggressive use of promotions-Aggressive use enables trends to be nudged advantage to be taken of turbulence. Speed of change- To be unusual surprising, campaigns must be short-term, changed frequently. Importance -Important to manage via nudge effect, but less effective for major changes. It is a decision of how best to communicate the product to target audience and how to persuade them to buy it (Lovelock, Patterson and Walker, 1996). No marketing program can succeed without an effective communication program. This component plays three vital roles: providing needed information and advice, persuading target customers of the merits of a specific product, and encouraging them to take action at specific times (Lovelock and Wright, 2002). Easy Jet achieved the target of 500 routes in 15 years. The company crossed 300 million passengers are live in the airports in an hour. The growth ratio of the company is increased by 10 percent while compare to the previous year. The Easy Jet is the leading low-price airlines in the European airlines industries. The advertisement strap line is Size Matters!And Its slogan is The Webs favourite airline. Their approach is called No-nonsense approach like humorous. (http://business.easyjet.com/downloads/easyJet-Price-Comparison-Results.pdf) Conclusion: Easy Jet need to consider regarding responding to new entrants by the segments or considering competition based on price, services, and routes that gives an advantage to keep new entries outside the market. By considering the current market trends a perfect strategy to be planned based on the marketing mix.   To discriminate the brand sustain on development lines, the company can implement a CRM (cause related marketing) offers, manage its accessibility of being a caring airlines. And by providing travelers a sense of psychological comfort and well-being while they selecting to fly by Easy Jet. On overall, Easy Jet needs to develop the accurate and realistic to serve the passengers.

Napoleons Russian Campaign Essay -- Napoleon Russian Campaign

Napoleon's Russian Campaign The peace between France and Russia in 1807 lasted for five years but was not satisfactory to either side. The Tilsit settlement was thought of by Napoleon as no more than a convenient truce. In 1807 he had been in no position to invade Russia but there was no way that he could tolerate another European power for very long. Napoleon felt that a war with Russia was necessary ‘for crushing England by crushing the only power still strong enough him any trouble by joining her.’ Napoleon began preparing for the war. He secured the support of Austria and Prussia since even though neither was in any position to refuse. Emperor Francis of Austria provided 34,000 men to cover the French but sent secret messages to St. Petersburg assuring Alexander that Austrian hostilities would be kept to a minimum. Prussia though was placed in a less fortunate position. With Berlin occupied by French and most of their 1807 debt to be paid it had no alternative but to provide 25,000 men and supp ly quarters and rations for the entire army. The rest of Napoleon’s Grand Army came from the many countries under his direct control. The Kingdom of Italy sent 45,000 men, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw 35,000. The Kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony and Westphalia each sent 17,000 men and there were many additions from various other nations under Napoleon’s control. In all the army totaled to 600,000 men. While Napoleon had an enormous army he made though inadequate preparations for supplying the troops. The provisions that he arranged for were not intended to provide all that the troops would need as they fought their way to Moscow. This was because Napoleon visualized a short campaign ending in a decisive victory. In a speech to his troops on... ... into East Prussia. Russia though made a deal with East Prussia, which allowed the Russian troops to enter East Prussia and by the end of January 1813 the French were behind the Elbe River, far away from Russia. This marked the end of Napoleon’s Russian Campaign. Bibliography Gate, Curtis. The War Of The Two Emperors New York: Random House, 1985. Glover, Michael. The Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History New York: Hippocrene Books, 1979. Hilt, Douglas. Ten Against Napoleon Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1975. Holtman, Robert. The Napoleonic Revolution Philadelphia & New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1967. Nicolson, Nigel. Napoleon 1812 New York: Harper & Row, 1985. Riehn, Richard. 1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign San Francisco: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990. Walter, Jacob. The Diary Of A Napoleonic Foot Soldier London: Doubleday, 1991.

Boewulf and Gilgamesh Similarities Essay

Beowulf and Gilgamesh were similar in many ways, even though they were written century’s apart from one another. These two stories (similar as they may be), also have their differences. The similarities, differences, character motivations, and use of symbolism make these great stories. A major similarity is that Beowulf and Gilgamesh want to be remembered as glorious heroes forever. They both feel as though they have to do great and daring things to achieve this. They were both in a position of high honor and power. Beowulf became king of the land he had defended against Grendel and his mother. Gilgamesh was one third human and two thirds god. Also, both heroes had won their battles in heroic and memorable ways. Beowulf rips Grendel’s arm off and had decapitated his mother, using a giant forged sword. Gilgamesh had chopped off Humbaba’s head with one mighty slash. There are also some major differences between these epic stories. For instance, Beowulf fought all his battles alone and unaided. Yet, Gilgamesh had a partner, one who acted as his voice of reason, by the name of Enkidu. As Gilgamesh went on into battle, he went in wearing full armor and wielding weapons, but Beowulf chose to enter his first fight wearing nothing at all and wielding no weapon. Each character had their motivations to fight, in some ways they were similar motives. Beowulf fought for nothing but fame and glory. All he wanted was to be remembered for eternity and to accumulate as much wealth as he could. Save us/ once more, and again twisted gold/ Heaped up ancient treasure, will reward you for the battle you win† (Beowulf 445-448). Gilgamesh also fought for fame and glory, but he had other motives too. One of his other motives was to fight to give hope to the youth, giving them something to strive for and model themselves after. â€Å"The youth of Uruk need this fight. They have grown soft and restless† (Gilgamesh 30-32). He was also motivated by wanting to push the limitations that the gods have set for everyone.

Hitorical Theory and Design of Le Corbusier

Notre-Dame-Du-Haut/ Le Corbusier jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0809992.001.jpg"/> Figure 1 â€Å"The key is light and light illuminates forms and forms have emotional power. By the drama of proportions by the drama of relationships unexpected, amazing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Le Corbusier[ 1 ] Le Corbusier, besides named as Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, was one of the great European designers in the 20Thursdaycentury and designed legion sums of edifices across the universe although of all Le Corbusier’s spiritual work, those built, or those which remains as thoughts, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel at Ronchamp is both the most well-known and the most cryptic. Its organic signifier, usage of abstract forms, and combination of coloring material, texture, visible radiation, and sound are the major factors towards the modern art of the period. The chapel manner of architecture is known as the International Style, Sculptural Style, Brutalism, and every bit good as Expressionist Modern[ 2 ]. The site is located on the upland at the top of the hill and there is an attack path which ascends from the south E, with trees giving some enclosures to the West and restricting the upland on its western side. The original site had been a popular finish for pilgrims since the thirteenth century. Ronchamp community was little, population of 200, but on the holy yearss of the pilgrim's journey it can acquire up to the 10 1000s of pilgrims and would deluge the chapel and the surrounding hill. The original chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed in a lightning fire during the 1910s and so was re-built. Then World War Two broke out, the chapel of Ronchamp was destroyed due to the German heavy weapon fires. Father Pierre Marie Alain Couturier was sent to offer Le Corbusier for the undertaking on reconstructing the chapel. Surprisingly, Le Corbusier ab initio refused the committee for this undertaking stating that he did non desire to work for a ‘dead institution’ , perchance because of the resentment that he felt about the Church’s rejection of the Basilica at La Sainte Baume. His helper Andre Wogenscky, a Gallic designer in coaction with Le Corbusier, recorded a conversation in which the Le Corbusier told Father Couturier, the Dominican priest who had such a clear influence on his ritual apprehension, that he had no right to work on the strategy and that they should happen a Catholic designer alternatively. Harmonizing to Wogenscky ; â€Å"Father Couturier explained to him that the determination to inquire Le Corbusier had been taken in full consciousness of the state of affairs, in the cognition that he was non spiritual. Finally, he said: ‘But Le Corbusier, I don’t give a darn about your non being a Catholic. What I need is a great artist†¦ you will accomplish our end far better than if we asked a Catholic designer: he would experience bound to do transcripts of ancient churches’ . Le Corbusier was brooding for a few seconds, and so he said: ‘All right, I accept.’† Andre Wogenscky[ 3 ] The first deduction of â€Å"rough† studies that Le Corbusier did, for the chapel, was to look into the skylines puting about in Ronchamp so the chapel can be fitted in the landscape. And so there are merely four skylines ; to the E, the Ballons d’Alsace ; to the South, a little vale ; to the West, the field of the Saone ; to the North, another little vale and a small town. This gives each facade of the edifice a ground to react to different attitudes: welcoming, observing, service and symbolism. However, the first study of the site was merely a few lines that summarised all of the cardinal elements of the edifice as it was so constructed such as the infinites defined by the curving walls and the form of the roof.â€Å"These characteristics, imbued as they are with a sense of malleability, are declarative of a reclamation of church architecture using architectonic agencies ( in other words, non trusting merely on the inclusion of plants of modern art ) .†[ 4 ] The roof was inspired by the crab-shell – which Le Corbusier had picked up the crab shell on the beach of Long Island in 1946 – though critics have interpreted the inclining curve as forms diverse as a nun ‘s wont or a boat. Its roof sculptural character dramatizes the power and flexibleness of the concrete to unify the organic volumes. A infinite of several centimeters between the shell of the roof and the walls provides a important entry for daytime. This type of planing the roof reflects earlier plants of Le Corbusier’s: frequently, thin piles supported a big lodging block, go forthing the land floor hollow and unfastened. â€Å" Le Corbusier raises the roof for symbolic grounds associating to the Assumption. Levitation is amazing because it denies the Torahs of gravitation. Therefore, by denying our expectations—that roofs remain affiliated to buildings—Le Corbusier signals Ronchamp’s visitants that they are present at a marvelous supernatural event. † Robert Coombs[ 5 ] Figure 2 The edifice has three towers and three doors, the one to the E for the pilgrims to entree the exterior chapel for mass folds on yearss of pilgrim's journey. The towers are made of rock masonry and are topped with cement domes. There’s another light gaps in the chapel, which are the signifier of the chapel towers. The thought of the chapel towers is influenced by the studies of the Serapeum of Hadrian’s Villa in 1911, in which the chuckhole at its terminal is dramatically illuminated with visible radiation. The towers appear in the inside as apsiss, settled the enlargements of the room. These white painted apsiss are lighted with indirect visible radiation from above shed thaumaturgy visible radiation over the curving walls. The light creates the consequence of enclosed infinite. Although the inside is non to the full illuminated, as it is, for illustration, the Jubilee Church by Richard Meier. The difference between the comparing of Notre-Dame-du-Haut and the Jubilee Church is the sum of visible radiation that pollutes the country. The Jubilee Church has both facade of north and south covered with glass panels leting the full strength of the natural visible radiation in the church whereas the Notre-Dame-du-Haut merely allows the light seaming from the spreads between the ceiling and the walls, and the familial visible radiation from the chapel towers. In footings of contrast, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut is dark, as some Gothic churches, foregrounding the drama of visible radiation and underscoring the sanctity of the infinite. Figure 3 Light is a symbol of faith so in the past architectural designs of the Gothic churches took this construct to the extreme as visible radiation is one of the most of import component of any spiritual construction and besides it gives the infinite an aeriform quality. The type of visible radiation joined with verticalness of the infinite produce an ambiance of Highness, lift and magnificence, and this method of utilizing visible radiation has influenced the other designers such as Kenzo Tange in his Tokyo Cathedral and Tadao Ando in his Church of Light, for illustration. The similarity between the Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Tokyo Cathedral and Church of Light is that they all relied on deriving the natural visible radiation, whereas the visible radiation is its supporter. Another beginning of visible radiation is from the South wall, where the visible radiation penetrates through the little ports covered with stained colored glass that cast a great trade of reflected visible radiation into the dim room and from the outside these ports seemed to be merely bantam Windowss, but inside they open up into big white ports. The form of the ports in the midst wall is cut implicitly and widen, leting the visible radiation to gently melt indoors. Thus this shows that the visible radiation is in the laterality of the inside in the chapel and the visible radiation is its faith. Figure 4 The walls around the interior act as acoustic amplifiers, particularly in the instance of the eastern outside wall that echoes the sound out over the field from the out-of-door communion table moving as the speaker unit for the standing pilgrims. Le Corbusier wrote that the signifier of the chapel was designed in order to make the ‘psycho-physiology of the feelings’ , but non to carry through the demands of faith.â€Å"As in the Basilica at La Sainte Baume, it was Le Corbusier’s purpose to make full each visitant to Ronchamp with a sense of the transforming and renewing power of harmoniousness, as manifested through coloring material, sound and signifier in the belief that it was possible to alter behavior through impacting the feelings.†[ 6 ]Sound would play a critical function in transporting a sense of harmoniousness. The Chapel’s beginning is its laterality, the music – ‘music and architecture’ in Le Corbusier’s positio n ‘being two humanistic disciplines really near in their highest manifestations’ . It was Le Corbusier’s purpose that here ; â€Å"They will be able to do unbelievable music, an incredible sound when they have twelve thousand sand people outside with amplifiers. I said to the priest, ‘you should acquire rid of the sort of music played by an old amah on an old organ – that’s out of melody – and alternatively hold music composed for the church, something new, non sad music, a loud noise, an unhallowed din’ . Le Corbusier[ 7 ] The outside of the chapel and the milieus are both united in such a manner that the landscape is called in to lend in the religious work of architecture. From a distance, the pilgrims can see the white tower lodging out of the forests and the more the pilgrims climb up the hill the more of the white walls of the chapel will be revealed and this type of path is influenced by the path to the Parthenon, a temple in Athens. Knowing the fact that Le Corbusier was brought up as a Protestant and in ulterior life adhered to no peculiar religion but Le Corbusier stated:â€Å"I have non experienced the miracle of religion but I have frequently known the miracle of unexpressible infinite, the ideal of plastic emotion†[ 8 ], transforming spiritual architecture into the material of his modern architectural vision. Shortly before the dedication in the summer of 1955, Alfred Canet, who was the secretary for the local edifice commission, wrote to Le Corbusier, stating that a little brochure was to be prepared for the gap, explicating the narrative of the edifice. He asked the designer for a statement, but the answer was indirect, inquiring Canet alternatively to make the account of the 5th volume ofOeuvre complete; â€Å"I have no more complete account to give, since the chapel will be before the really eyes of those who buy the brochure. That is better than most facile speech† . Le Corbusier[ 9 ] Ronchamp has ever troubled international architectural critics particularly Modernists and Rationalists. Its popularity and profusion of degrees of communicating merely swamp expostulations about its aberrance from Modern Movement beliefs about truth to stuffs. In his ain testimonies, Le Corbusier recognised that it was an exceeding brief:‘1950-55. Autonomy: Ronchamp. A wholly free architecture. No programme other than the jubilation of the Mass – one of the oldest of human establishments. One respectable personality was ever present – the landscape, the four skylines. They were the 1s in command†¦a pilgrim's journey topographic point on specific yearss, but besides a topographic point of pilgrim's journey for persons, coming from the four skylines, coming by auto, train and airplane.Everyone’s traveling to Ronchamp.’[ 10 ]( L.C. , Textes et Dessins pour Ronchamp ) . Charles Jencks ( an American architecture theoretician and critic ) considers t hat the Notre-Dame-du-Haut was the first edifice with the Post-Modernism manner and has caused jobs for Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner ( a British historiographer of architecture ) , quoted ; â€Å"The edifice that blew apart the Modernist colony was Le Corbusier’s bantam church at Ronchamp, designed in 1950 and opened in 1955. This really first Post-Modern iconic edifice drew an iconoclastic tantrum of gunshot from every side, particularly fastidious Modernists and Positivists such as Nikolaus Pevsner. They looked on every aberrance from the right-angle as a sin.† Charles Jencks[ 11 ] The citation described the Notre-Dame-du-Haut as the edifice with no right-angles in every â€Å"corner† . Modernism architecture follows a â€Å"form follows function† and â€Å"truth to materials† impression, intending that the consequence of the design should come from its intent and that none of the stuffs should seek and be concealed as something else. Although Post-Modernism follows same doctrine but uses more cylindrical and unprompted forms opposed to purely rectangles, and horizontal/vertical lines. Within the twelvemonth of the dedication, James Stirling wrote the evasive remark sing the Modernism and Post-Modernism of the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel ; â€Å"It may be considered that the Ronchamp Chapel being a ‘pure look of poetry’ and the symbol of an ancient rite, should non hence be criticised by the principle of the modern motion. Remember nevertheless that it is a merchandise of Europe’s greatest designer. It is of import to see whether the edifice should act upon the class of modern architecture†¦ , and surely the signifiers which have developed from the principle of the limited political orientation of the modern motion are being mannerised and changed in a witting imperfectionism† James Stirling[ 12 ] Two months after the completion of Ronchamp in June 1955, Le Corbusier wrote letters to Alfred Canet, the cure , and Marcellin Carraud, a attorney from Vesoul and a outstanding member of the local edifice commission and the words scribed are more than the common courtesy of an designer composing to his client ; â€Å"After being off for two months I greet you and inquire if you are pleased. It seems that after all this great attempt by a batch of people things have succeeded. You are doing a base, defying a great many assaults and answering to a great many inquiries. You must hold been worried at times. However you have been one of the brave people in the escapade. I wanted to state thank you to you, for Notre-Dame-du-Haut is understanding and that of the Committee this roseola endeavor could hold come up against the obstacle† Letter from Le Corbusier to his client[ 13 ] Giving some grounds why Le Corbusier was chosen as the designer, a member of community, Father Belaud, has explained ;â€Å"Why? For the beauty of the monastery to be born of class. But above all for the significance of this beauty. It was necessary to demo that supplication and spiritual life are non bound to conventional signifiers, and that harmoniousness can be struck between them and the most modern architecture, supplying that the latter should be capable of exceeding itself.†[ 14 ] Bibliography [ 1 ] – Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An Analysis of Form. Hong Kong: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 211. [ 2 ] – Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //everything2.com/user/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 3 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley & A ; Sons Ltd. Page 119. [ 4 ] – Arthur Ruegg ( 1999 ) . Le Corbusier. Switzerland: Birkhauser. Page 103. [ 5 ] – Bonbon. ( 2003 ) . Notre Dame Du Haut. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //everything2.com/user/Bonbon/writeups/Notre+Dame+Du+Haut. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 6 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley & A ; Sons Ltd. Page 119. [ 7 ] – Flora Samuel ( 2004 ) . Le Corbusier Architect and Feminist. Great Britain: John Wiley & A ; Sons Ltd. Page 120. [ 8 ] – Le Corbusier ( 2000 ) . The Modulor. Germany: Birkhauser. Page 32. [ 9 ] – Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The Open Hand Essays. USA: MIT. Page 300. [ 10 ] – Michael Raeburn and Victoria Wilson ( 1987 ) . Le Corbusier Architect of the Century. Great Britain: Susan Ferleger Brades with Muriel Walker. Page 249. [ 11 ] – Charles Jencks ( 2012 ) . The Story of Post-Modernism: Five Decade of the Ironic, Iconic and Critical in Architecture. Great Britain: John Wiley & A ; Sons Ltd. Page 187. [ 12 ] – James Stirling ( 1956 ) . Le Corbusier in Perspective. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arranz.net/web.arch-mag.com/5/recy/recy1t.html. Last accessed 10th February 2014. [ 13 ] – Russell Walden ( 1977 ) . The Open Hand Essays. USA: MIT. Page 301. [ 14 ] – Geoffrey H. Baker ( 1984 ) . Le Corbusier An Analysis of Form. Hong Kong: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Page 212. Illustrations [ Figure 1 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Front Facade ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287321-ronchamp-528×352.jpg ) [ Figure 2 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Interior confronting East Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1213222047_Ronchamp23.jpg ) [ Figure 3 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Aspe ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288307698-ronchamp-elyullo.jpg ) [ Figure 4 ] – Notre Dame Du Haut Interior confronting South Wall ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/1288287366-ronchamp-pieter-morlion-528×352.jpg ) 1